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Added in API level 1

StrictMath

public final class StrictMath
extends Object

java.lang.Object
   ↳ java.lang.StrictMath


The class StrictMath contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as the elementary exponential, logarithm, square root, and trigonometric functions.

To help ensure portability of Java programs, the definitions of some of the numeric functions in this package require that they produce the same results as certain published algorithms. These algorithms are available from the well-known network library netlib as the package "Freely Distributable Math Library," fdlibm. These algorithms, which are written in the C programming language, are then to be understood as executed with all floating-point operations following the rules of Java floating-point arithmetic.

The Java math library is defined with respect to fdlibm version 5.3. Where fdlibm provides more than one definition for a function (such as acos), use the "IEEE 754 core function" version (residing in a file whose name begins with the letter e). The methods which require fdlibm semantics are sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, exp, log, log10, cbrt, atan2, pow, sinh, cosh, tanh, hypot, expm1, and log1p.

Summary

Constants

double E

The double value that is closer than any other to e, the base of the natural logarithms.

double PI

The double value that is closer than any other to pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Public methods

static double IEEEremainder(double f1, double f2)

Computes the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed by the IEEE 754 standard.

static long abs(long a)

Returns the absolute value of a long value.

static int abs(int a)

Returns the absolute value of an int value..

static float abs(float a)

Returns the absolute value of a float value.

static double abs(double a)

Returns the absolute value of a double value.

static double acos(double a)

Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the range 0.0 through pi.

static int addExact(int x, int y)

Returns the sum of its arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows an int.

static long addExact(long x, long y)

Returns the sum of its arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows a long.

static double asin(double a)

Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

static double atan(double a)

Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

static double atan2(double y, double x)

Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (xy) to polar coordinates (r, theta).

static double cbrt(double a)

Returns the cube root of a double value.

static double ceil(double a)

Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) double value that is greater than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

static float copySign(float magnitude, float sign)

Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument.

static double copySign(double magnitude, double sign)

Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument.

static double cos(double a)

Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle.

static double cosh(double x)

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a double value.

static double exp(double a)

Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a double value.

static double expm1(double x)

Returns ex -1.

static double floor(double a)

Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) double value that is less than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

static int floorDiv(int x, int y)

Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) int value that is less than or equal to the algebraic quotient.

static long floorDiv(long x, long y)

Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) long value that is less than or equal to the algebraic quotient.

static long floorMod(long x, long y)

Returns the floor modulus of the long arguments.

static int floorMod(int x, int y)

Returns the floor modulus of the int arguments.

static int getExponent(double d)

Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a double.

static int getExponent(float f)

Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a float.

static double hypot(double x, double y)

Returns sqrt(x2 +y2) without intermediate overflow or underflow.

static double log(double a)

Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a double value.

static double log10(double a)

Returns the base 10 logarithm of a double value.

static double log1p(double x)

Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1.

static int max(int a, int b)

Returns the greater of two int values.

static long max(long a, long b)

Returns the greater of two long values.

static float max(float a, float b)

Returns the greater of two float values.

static double max(double a, double b)

Returns the greater of two double values.

static float min(float a, float b)

Returns the smaller of two float values.

static double min(double a, double b)

Returns the smaller of two double values.

static int min(int a, int b)

Returns the smaller of two int values.

static long min(long a, long b)

Returns the smaller of two long values.

static int multiplyExact(int x, int y)

Returns the product of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows an int.

static long multiplyExact(long x, long y)

Returns the product of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows a long.

static double nextAfter(double start, double direction)

Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument.

static float nextAfter(float start, double direction)

Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument.

static double nextDown(double d)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the direction of negative infinity.

static float nextDown(float f)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to f in the direction of negative infinity.

static float nextUp(float f)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to f in the direction of positive infinity.

static double nextUp(double d)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the direction of positive infinity.

static double pow(double a, double b)

Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.

static double random()

Returns a double value with a positive sign, greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.

static double rint(double a)

Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

static long round(double a)

Returns the closest long to the argument, with ties rounding to positive infinity.

static int round(float a)

Returns the closest int to the argument, with ties rounding to positive infinity.

static float scalb(float f, int scaleFactor)

Return f × 2scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the float value set.

static double scalb(double d, int scaleFactor)

Return d × 2scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the double value set.

static double signum(double d)

Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0 if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0 if the argument is less than zero.

static float signum(float f)

Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0f if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0f if the argument is less than zero.

static double sin(double a)

Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle.

static double sinh(double x)

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value.

static double sqrt(double a)

Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a double value.

static long subtractExact(long x, long y)

Returns the difference of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows a long.

static int subtractExact(int x, int y)

Returns the difference of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows an int.

static double tan(double a)

Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle.

static double tanh(double x)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a double value.

static double toDegrees(double angrad)

Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees.

static int toIntExact(long value)

Returns the value of the long argument; throwing an exception if the value overflows an int.

static double toRadians(double angdeg)

Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians.

static double ulp(double d)

Returns the size of an ulp of the argument.

static float ulp(float f)

Returns the size of an ulp of the argument.

Inherited methods

From class java.lang.Object

Constants

E

Added in API level 1
double E

The double value that is closer than any other to e, the base of the natural logarithms.

Constant Value: 2.718281828459045

PI

Added in API level 1
double PI

The double value that is closer than any other to pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Constant Value: 3.141592653589793

Public methods

IEEEremainder

Added in API level 1
double IEEEremainder (double f1, 
                double f2)

Computes the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed by the IEEE 754 standard. The remainder value is mathematically equal to f1 - f2 × n, where n is the mathematical integer closest to the exact mathematical value of the quotient f1/f2, and if two mathematical integers are equally close to f1/f2, then n is the integer that is even. If the remainder is zero, its sign is the same as the sign of the first argument. Special cases:

  • If either argument is NaN, or the first argument is infinite, or the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is NaN.
  • If the first argument is finite and the second argument is infinite, then the result is the same as the first argument.

Parameters
f1 double: the dividend.
f2 double: the divisor.
Returns
double the remainder when f1 is divided by f2.

abs

Added in API level 1
long abs (long a)

Returns the absolute value of a long value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.

Note that if the argument is equal to the value of MIN_VALUE, the most negative representable long value, the result is that same value, which is negative.

Parameters
a long: the argument whose absolute value is to be determined.
Returns
long the absolute value of the argument.

abs

Added in API level 1
int abs (int a)

Returns the absolute value of an int value.. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.

Note that if the argument is equal to the value of MIN_VALUE, the most negative representable int value, the result is that same value, which is negative.

Parameters
a int: the argument whose absolute value is to be determined.
Returns
int the absolute value of the argument.

abs

Added in API level 1
float abs (float a)

Returns the absolute value of a float value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned. Special cases:

  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result is positive zero.
  • If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:

Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fffffff & Float.floatToIntBits(a))

Parameters
a float: the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
Returns
float the absolute value of the argument.

abs

Added in API level 1
double abs (double a)

Returns the absolute value of a double value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned. Special cases:

  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result is positive zero.
  • If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:

Double.longBitsToDouble((Double.doubleToLongBits(a)<<1)>>>1)

Parameters
a double: the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
Returns
double the absolute value of the argument.

acos

Added in API level 1
double acos (double a)

Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the range 0.0 through pi. Special case:

  • If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.

Parameters
a double: the value whose arc cosine is to be returned.
Returns
double the arc cosine of the argument.

addExact

Added in API level 24
int addExact (int x, 
                int y)

Returns the sum of its arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows an int.

Parameters
x int: the first value
y int: the second value
Returns
int the result
Throws
ArithmeticException if the result overflows an int

See also:

addExact

Added in API level 24
long addExact (long x, 
                long y)

Returns the sum of its arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows a long.

Parameters
x long: the first value
y long: the second value
Returns
long the result
Throws
ArithmeticException if the result overflows a long

See also:

asin

Added in API level 1
double asin (double a)

Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
a double: the value whose arc sine is to be returned.
Returns
double the arc sine of the argument.

atan

Added in API level 1
double atan (double a)

Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
a double: the value whose arc tangent is to be returned.
Returns
double the arc tangent of the argument.

atan2

Added in API level 1
double atan2 (double y, 
                double x)

Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (xy) to polar coordinates (r, theta). This method computes the phase theta by computing an arc tangent of y/x in the range of -pi to pi. Special cases:

  • If either argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive zero.
  • If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is negative zero.
  • If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to pi.
  • If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -pi.
  • If the first argument is positive and the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the double value closest to pi/2.
  • If the first argument is negative and the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the double value closest to -pi/2.
  • If both arguments are positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to pi/4.
  • If the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to 3*pi/4.
  • If the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -pi/4.
  • If both arguments are negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -3*pi/4.

Parameters
y double: the ordinate coordinate
x double: the abscissa coordinate
Returns
double the theta component of the point (rtheta) in polar coordinates that corresponds to the point (xy) in Cartesian coordinates.

cbrt

Added in API level 1
double cbrt (double a)

Returns the cube root of a double value. For positive finite x, cbrt(-x) == -cbrt(x); that is, the cube root of a negative value is the negative of the cube root of that value's magnitude. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
a double: a value.
Returns
double the cube root of a.

ceil

Added in API level 1
double ceil (double a)

Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) double value that is greater than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:

  • If the argument value is already equal to a mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
  • If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.
  • If the argument value is less than zero but greater than -1.0, then the result is negative zero.
Note that the value of StrictMath.ceil(x) is exactly the value of -StrictMath.floor(-x).

Parameters
a double: a value.
Returns
double the smallest (closest to negative infinity) floating-point value that is greater than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

copySign

Added in API level 9
float copySign (float magnitude, 
                float sign)

Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument. For this method, a NaN sign argument is always treated as if it were positive.

Parameters
magnitude float: the parameter providing the magnitude of the result
sign float: the parameter providing the sign of the result
Returns
float a value with the magnitude of magnitude and the sign of sign.

copySign

Added in API level 9
double copySign (double magnitude, 
                double sign)

Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument. For this method, a NaN sign argument is always treated as if it were positive.

Parameters
magnitude double: the parameter providing the magnitude of the result
sign double: the parameter providing the sign of the result
Returns
double a value with the magnitude of magnitude and the sign of sign.

cos

Added in API level 1
double cos (double a)

Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.

Parameters
a double: an angle, in radians.
Returns
double the cosine of the argument.

cosh

Added in API level 1
double cosh (double x)

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a double value. The hyperbolic cosine of x is defined to be (ex + e-x)/2 where e is Euler's number.

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is infinite, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is 1.0.

Parameters
x double: The number whose hyperbolic cosine is to be returned.
Returns
double The hyperbolic cosine of x.

exp

Added in API level 1
double exp (double a)

Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a double value. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is positive zero.

Parameters
a double: the exponent to raise e to.
Returns
double the value ea, where e is the base of the natural logarithms.

expm1

Added in API level 1
double expm1 (double x)

Returns ex -1. Note that for values of x near 0, the exact sum of expm1(x) + 1 is much closer to the true result of ex than exp(x).

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is -1.0.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
x double: the exponent to raise e to in the computation of ex -1.
Returns
double the value ex - 1.

floor

Added in API level 1
double floor (double a)

Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) double value that is less than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:

  • If the argument value is already equal to a mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
  • If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Parameters
a double: a value.
Returns
double the largest (closest to positive infinity) floating-point value that less than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

floorDiv

Added in API level 24
int floorDiv (int x, 
                int y)

Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) int value that is less than or equal to the algebraic quotient. There is one special case, if the dividend is the Integer.MIN_VALUE and the divisor is -1, then integer overflow occurs and the result is equal to the Integer.MIN_VALUE.

See Math.floorDiv for examples and a comparison to the integer division / operator.

Parameters
x int: the dividend
y int: the divisor
Returns
int the largest (closest to positive infinity) int value that is less than or equal to the algebraic quotient.
Throws
ArithmeticException if the divisor y is zero

See also:

floorDiv

Added in API level 24
long floorDiv (long x, 
                long y)

Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) long value that is less than or equal to the algebraic quotient. There is one special case, if the dividend is the Long.MIN_VALUE and the divisor is -1, then integer overflow occurs and the result is equal to the Long.MIN_VALUE.

See Math.floorDiv for examples and a comparison to the integer division / operator.

Parameters
x long: the dividend
y long: the divisor
Returns
long the largest (closest to positive infinity) long value that is less than or equal to the algebraic quotient.
Throws
ArithmeticException if the divisor y is zero

See also:

floorMod

Added in API level 24
long floorMod (long x, 
                long y)

Returns the floor modulus of the long arguments.

The floor modulus is x - (floorDiv(x, y) * y), has the same sign as the divisor y, and is in the range of -abs(y) < r < +abs(y).

The relationship between floorDiv and floorMod is such that:

  • floorDiv(x, y) * y + floorMod(x, y) == x

See Math.floorMod for examples and a comparison to the % operator.

Parameters
x long: the dividend
y long: the divisor
Returns
long the floor modulus x - (floorDiv(x, y) * y)
Throws
ArithmeticException if the divisor y is zero

See also:

floorMod

Added in API level 24
int floorMod (int x, 
                int y)

Returns the floor modulus of the int arguments.

The floor modulus is x - (floorDiv(x, y) * y), has the same sign as the divisor y, and is in the range of -abs(y) < r < +abs(y).

The relationship between floorDiv and floorMod is such that:

  • floorDiv(x, y) * y + floorMod(x, y) == x

See Math.floorMod for examples and a comparison to the % operator.

Parameters
x int: the dividend
y int: the divisor
Returns
int the floor modulus x - (floorDiv(x, y) * y)
Throws
ArithmeticException if the divisor y is zero

See also:

getExponent

Added in API level 9
int getExponent (double d)

Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a double. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is MAX_EXPONENT + 1.
  • If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is MIN_EXPONENT -1.

Parameters
d double: a double value
Returns
int

getExponent

Added in API level 9
int getExponent (float f)

Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a float. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is MAX_EXPONENT + 1.
  • If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is MIN_EXPONENT -1.

Parameters
f float: a float value
Returns
int

hypot

Added in API level 1
double hypot (double x, 
                double y)

Returns sqrt(x2 +y2) without intermediate overflow or underflow.

Special cases:

  • If either argument is infinite, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If either argument is NaN and neither argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.

Parameters
x double: a value
y double: a value
Returns
double sqrt(x2 +y2) without intermediate overflow or underflow

log

Added in API level 1
double log (double a)

Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a double value. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.

Parameters
a double: a value
Returns
double the value ln a, the natural logarithm of a.

log10

Added in API level 1
double log10 (double a)

Returns the base 10 logarithm of a double value. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.
  • If the argument is equal to 10n for integer n, then the result is n.

Parameters
a double: a value
Returns
double the base 10 logarithm of a.

log1p

Added in API level 1
double log1p (double x)

Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1. Note that for small values x, the result of log1p(x) is much closer to the true result of ln(1 + x) than the floating-point evaluation of log(1.0+x).

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or less than -1, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is negative one, then the result is negative infinity.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
x double: a value
Returns
double the value ln(x + 1), the natural log of x + 1

max

Added in API level 1
int max (int a, 
                int b)

Returns the greater of two int values. That is, the result is the argument closer to the value of MAX_VALUE. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

Parameters
a int: an argument.
b int: another argument.
Returns
int the larger of a and b.

max

Added in API level 1
long max (long a, 
                long b)

Returns the greater of two long values. That is, the result is the argument closer to the value of MAX_VALUE. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

Parameters
a long: an argument.
b long: another argument.
Returns
long the larger of a and b.

max

Added in API level 1
float max (float a, 
                float b)

Returns the greater of two float values. That is, the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the result is positive zero.

Parameters
a float: an argument.
b float: another argument.
Returns
float the larger of a and b.

max

Added in API level 1
double max (double a, 
                double b)

Returns the greater of two double values. That is, the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the result is positive zero.

Parameters
a double: an argument.
b double: another argument.
Returns
double the larger of a and b.

min

Added in API level 1
float min (float a, 
                float b)

Returns the smaller of two float values. That is, the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero, the result is negative zero.

Parameters
a float: an argument.
b float: another argument.
Returns
float the smaller of a and b.

min

Added in API level 1
double min (double a, 
                double b)

Returns the smaller of two double values. That is, the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero, the result is negative zero.

Parameters
a double: an argument.
b double: another argument.
Returns
double the smaller of a and b.

min

Added in API level 1
int min (int a, 
                int b)

Returns the smaller of two int values. That is, the result the argument closer to the value of MIN_VALUE. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

Parameters
a int: an argument.
b int: another argument.
Returns
int the smaller of a and b.

min

Added in API level 1
long min (long a, 
                long b)

Returns the smaller of two long values. That is, the result is the argument closer to the value of MIN_VALUE. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

Parameters
a long: an argument.
b long: another argument.
Returns
long the smaller of a and b.

multiplyExact

Added in API level 24
int multiplyExact (int x, 
                int y)

Returns the product of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows an int.

Parameters
x int: the first value
y int: the second value
Returns
int the result
Throws
ArithmeticException if the result overflows an int

See also:

multiplyExact

Added in API level 24
long multiplyExact (long x, 
                long y)

Returns the product of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows a long.

Parameters
x long: the first value
y long: the second value
Returns
long the result
Throws
ArithmeticException if the result overflows a long

See also:

nextAfter

Added in API level 9
double nextAfter (double start, 
                double direction)

Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument. If both arguments compare as equal the second argument is returned.

Special cases:

  • If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
  • If both arguments are signed zeros, direction is returned unchanged (as implied by the requirement of returning the second argument if the arguments compare as equal).
  • If start is ±MIN_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as start is returned.
  • If start is infinite and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, MAX_VALUE with the same sign as start is returned.
  • If start is equal to ± MAX_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an infinity with same sign as start is returned.

Parameters
start double: starting floating-point value
direction double: value indicating which of start's neighbors or start should be returned
Returns
double The floating-point number adjacent to start in the direction of direction.

nextAfter

Added in API level 9
float nextAfter (float start, 
                double direction)

Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument. If both arguments compare as equal a value equivalent to the second argument is returned.

Special cases:

  • If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
  • If both arguments are signed zeros, a value equivalent to direction is returned.
  • If start is ±MIN_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as start is returned.
  • If start is infinite and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, MAX_VALUE with the same sign as start is returned.
  • If start is equal to ± MAX_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an infinity with same sign as start is returned.

Parameters
start float: starting floating-point value
direction double: value indicating which of start's neighbors or start should be returned
Returns
float The floating-point number adjacent to start in the direction of direction.

nextDown

Added in API level 24
double nextDown (double d)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the direction of negative infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to nextAfter(d, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY); however, a nextDown implementation may run faster than its equivalent nextAfter call.

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is negative infinity, the result is negative infinity.
  • If the argument is zero, the result is -Double.MIN_VALUE

Parameters
d double: starting floating-point value
Returns
double The adjacent floating-point value closer to negative infinity.

nextDown

Added in API level 24
float nextDown (float f)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to f in the direction of negative infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to nextAfter(f, Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY); however, a nextDown implementation may run faster than its equivalent nextAfter call.

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is negative infinity, the result is negative infinity.
  • If the argument is zero, the result is -Float.MIN_VALUE

Parameters
f float: starting floating-point value
Returns
float The adjacent floating-point value closer to negative infinity.

nextUp

Added in API level 9
float nextUp (float f)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to f in the direction of positive infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to nextAfter(f, Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY); however, a nextUp implementation may run faster than its equivalent nextAfter call.

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is zero, the result is MIN_VALUE

Parameters
f float: starting floating-point value
Returns
float The adjacent floating-point value closer to positive infinity.

nextUp

Added in API level 9
double nextUp (double d)

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the direction of positive infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to nextAfter(d, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY); however, a nextUp implementation may run faster than its equivalent nextAfter call.

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is zero, the result is MIN_VALUE

Parameters
d double: starting floating-point value
Returns
double The adjacent floating-point value closer to positive infinity.

pow

Added in API level 1
double pow (double a, 
                double b)

Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument. Special cases:

  • If the second argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is 1.0.
  • If the second argument is 1.0, then the result is the same as the first argument.
  • If the second argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the first argument is NaN and the second argument is nonzero, then the result is NaN.
  • If
    • the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and the second argument is positive infinity, or
    • the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is negative infinity,
    then the result is positive infinity.
  • If
    • the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and the second argument is negative infinity, or
    • the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is positive infinity,
    then the result is positive zero.
  • If the absolute value of the first argument equals 1 and the second argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.
  • If
    • the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is greater than zero, or
    • the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is less than zero,
    then the result is positive zero.
  • If
    • the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is less than zero, or
    • the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is greater than zero,
    then the result is positive infinity.
  • If
    • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
    • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer,
    then the result is positive zero.
  • If
    • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a positive finite odd integer, or
    • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer,
    then the result is negative zero.
  • If
    • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
    • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer,
    then the result is positive infinity.
  • If
    • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer, or
    • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is a positive finite odd integer,
    then the result is negative infinity.
  • If the first argument is finite and less than zero
    • if the second argument is a finite even integer, the result is equal to the result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second argument
    • if the second argument is a finite odd integer, the result is equal to the negative of the result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second argument
    • if the second argument is finite and not an integer, then the result is NaN.
  • If both arguments are integers, then the result is exactly equal to the mathematical result of raising the first argument to the power of the second argument if that result can in fact be represented exactly as a double value.

(In the foregoing descriptions, a floating-point value is considered to be an integer if and only if it is finite and a fixed point of the method ceil or, equivalently, a fixed point of the method floor. A value is a fixed point of a one-argument method if and only if the result of applying the method to the value is equal to the value.)

Parameters
a double: base.
b double: the exponent.
Returns
double the value ab.

random

Added in API level 1
double random ()

Returns a double value with a positive sign, greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0. Returned values are chosen pseudorandomly with (approximately) uniform distribution from that range.

When this method is first called, it creates a single new pseudorandom-number generator, exactly as if by the expression

new java.util.Random()
This new pseudorandom-number generator is used thereafter for all calls to this method and is used nowhere else.

This method is properly synchronized to allow correct use by more than one thread. However, if many threads need to generate pseudorandom numbers at a great rate, it may reduce contention for each thread to have its own pseudorandom number generator.

Returns
double a pseudorandom double greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.

See also:

rint

Added in API level 1
double rint (double a)

Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. If two double values that are mathematical integers are equally close to the value of the argument, the result is the integer value that is even. Special cases:

  • If the argument value is already equal to a mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
  • If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Parameters
a double: a value.
Returns
double the closest floating-point value to a that is equal to a mathematical integer.

round

Added in API level 1
long round (double a)

Returns the closest long to the argument, with ties rounding to positive infinity.

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
  • If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or equal to the value of Long.MIN_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Long.MIN_VALUE.
  • If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or equal to the value of Long.MAX_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Long.MAX_VALUE.

Parameters
a double: a floating-point value to be rounded to a long.
Returns
long the value of the argument rounded to the nearest long value.

See also:

round

Added in API level 1
int round (float a)

Returns the closest int to the argument, with ties rounding to positive infinity.

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
  • If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or equal to the value of Integer.MIN_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Integer.MIN_VALUE.
  • If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or equal to the value of Integer.MAX_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Integer.MAX_VALUE.

Parameters
a float: a floating-point value to be rounded to an integer.
Returns
int the value of the argument rounded to the nearest int value.

See also:

scalb

Added in API level 9
float scalb (float f, 
                int scaleFactor)

Return f × 2scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the float value set. See the Java Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point value sets. If the exponent of the result is between MIN_EXPONENT and MAX_EXPONENT, the answer is calculated exactly. If the exponent of the result would be larger than Float.MAX_EXPONENT, an infinity is returned. Note that if the result is subnormal, precision may be lost; that is, when scalb(x, n) is subnormal, scalb(scalb(x, n), -n) may not equal x. When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same sign as f.

Special cases:

  • If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
  • If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the same sign is returned.
  • If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same sign is returned.

Parameters
f float: number to be scaled by a power of two.
scaleFactor int: power of 2 used to scale f
Returns
float f × 2scaleFactor

scalb

Added in API level 9
double scalb (double d, 
                int scaleFactor)

Return d × 2scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the double value set. See the Java Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point value sets. If the exponent of the result is between MIN_EXPONENT and MAX_EXPONENT, the answer is calculated exactly. If the exponent of the result would be larger than Double.MAX_EXPONENT, an infinity is returned. Note that if the result is subnormal, precision may be lost; that is, when scalb(x, n) is subnormal, scalb(scalb(x, n), -n) may not equal x. When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same sign as d.

Special cases:

  • If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
  • If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the same sign is returned.
  • If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same sign is returned.

Parameters
d double: number to be scaled by a power of two.
scaleFactor int: power of 2 used to scale d
Returns
double d × 2scaleFactor

signum

Added in API level 1
double signum (double d)

Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0 if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0 if the argument is less than zero.

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Parameters
d double: the floating-point value whose signum is to be returned
Returns
double the signum function of the argument

signum

Added in API level 1
float signum (float f)

Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0f if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0f if the argument is less than zero.

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Parameters
f float: the floating-point value whose signum is to be returned
Returns
float the signum function of the argument

sin

Added in API level 1
double sin (double a)

Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
a double: an angle, in radians.
Returns
double the sine of the argument.

sinh

Added in API level 1
double sinh (double x)

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value. The hyperbolic sine of x is defined to be (ex - e-x)/2 where e is Euler's number.

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
x double: The number whose hyperbolic sine is to be returned.
Returns
double The hyperbolic sine of x.

sqrt

Added in API level 1
double sqrt (double a)

Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a double value. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.
Otherwise, the result is the double value closest to the true mathematical square root of the argument value.

Parameters
a double: a value.
Returns
double the positive square root of a.

subtractExact

Added in API level 24
long subtractExact (long x, 
                long y)

Returns the difference of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows a long.

Parameters
x long: the first value
y long: the second value to subtract from the first
Returns
long the result
Throws
ArithmeticException if the result overflows a long

See also:

subtractExact

Added in API level 24
int subtractExact (int x, 
                int y)

Returns the difference of the arguments, throwing an exception if the result overflows an int.

Parameters
x int: the first value
y int: the second value to subtract from the first
Returns
int the result
Throws
ArithmeticException if the result overflows an int

See also:

tan

Added in API level 1
double tan (double a)

Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle. Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Parameters
a double: an angle, in radians.
Returns
double the tangent of the argument.

tanh

Added in API level 1
double tanh (double x)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a double value. The hyperbolic tangent of x is defined to be (ex - e-x)/(ex + e-x), in other words, sinh(x)/cosh(x). Note that the absolute value of the exact tanh is always less than 1.

Special cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.
  • If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is +1.0.
  • If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is -1.0.

Parameters
x double: The number whose hyperbolic tangent is to be returned.
Returns
double The hyperbolic tangent of x.

toDegrees

Added in API level 1
double toDegrees (double angrad)

Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees. The conversion from radians to degrees is generally inexact; users should not expect cos(toRadians(90.0)) to exactly equal 0.0.

Parameters
angrad double: an angle, in radians
Returns
double the measurement of the angle angrad in degrees.

toIntExact

Added in API level 24
int toIntExact (long value)

Returns the value of the long argument; throwing an exception if the value overflows an int.

Parameters
value long: the long value
Returns
int the argument as an int
Throws
ArithmeticException if the argument overflows an int

See also:

toRadians

Added in API level 1
double toRadians (double angdeg)

Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians. The conversion from degrees to radians is generally inexact.

Parameters
angdeg double: an angle, in degrees
Returns
double the measurement of the angle angdeg in radians.

ulp

Added in API level 1
double ulp (double d)

Returns the size of an ulp of the argument. An ulp of a double value is the positive distance between this floating-point value and the double value next larger in magnitude. Note that for non-NaN x, ulp(-x) == ulp(x).

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is Double.MIN_VALUE.
  • If the argument is ±Double.MAX_VALUE, then the result is equal to 2971.

Parameters
d double: the floating-point value whose ulp is to be returned
Returns
double the size of an ulp of the argument

ulp

Added in API level 1
float ulp (float f)

Returns the size of an ulp of the argument. An ulp of a float value is the positive distance between this floating-point value and the float value next larger in magnitude. Note that for non-NaN x, ulp(-x) == ulp(x).

Special Cases:

  • If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
  • If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
  • If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is Float.MIN_VALUE.
  • If the argument is ±Float.MAX_VALUE, then the result is equal to 2104.

Parameters
f float: the floating-point value whose ulp is to be returned
Returns
float the size of an ulp of the argument

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